$limlimits_{sto0^+}sum_nfrac{cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)}{n^s}$ &...
$begingroup$
$(1).$ Show that:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{-frac{1}{2}} quadcolonspaceforall,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{1} $$
$(2).$ Find a closed-form for:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{,,,,?,,,,} quadcolonspace,,,,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{2} $$
Both series converge by Dirichlet's test for $mathrm{Re}(s)>0$.
I could not find a good reason way the first series shall converge to the same constant!!
Thanks for you help.
sequences-and-series closed-form trigonometric-series
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$(1).$ Show that:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{-frac{1}{2}} quadcolonspaceforall,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{1} $$
$(2).$ Find a closed-form for:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{,,,,?,,,,} quadcolonspace,,,,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{2} $$
Both series converge by Dirichlet's test for $mathrm{Re}(s)>0$.
I could not find a good reason way the first series shall converge to the same constant!!
Thanks for you help.
sequences-and-series closed-form trigonometric-series
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
The limit in $(2)$ equals $dfrac12 cotleft(dfrac pi{2m}right)$.
$endgroup$
– Tianlalu
Oct 10 '18 at 0:36
$begingroup$
@Tianlalu: Thanks, but how to show it (if it is the correct answer)?
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Oct 10 '18 at 0:39
$begingroup$
If we can prove $lim_{sto0^+}operatorname{Li}_s(z)= operatorname{Li}_0(z)$, then the question is trivial.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 0:54
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$(1).$ Show that:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{-frac{1}{2}} quadcolonspaceforall,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{1} $$
$(2).$ Find a closed-form for:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{,,,,?,,,,} quadcolonspace,,,,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{2} $$
Both series converge by Dirichlet's test for $mathrm{Re}(s)>0$.
I could not find a good reason way the first series shall converge to the same constant!!
Thanks for you help.
sequences-and-series closed-form trigonometric-series
$endgroup$
$(1).$ Show that:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{-frac{1}{2}} quadcolonspaceforall,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{1} $$
$(2).$ Find a closed-form for:
$$ lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=color{red}{,,,,?,,,,} quadcolonspace,,,,minmathbb{N}^{+}tag{2} $$
Both series converge by Dirichlet's test for $mathrm{Re}(s)>0$.
I could not find a good reason way the first series shall converge to the same constant!!
Thanks for you help.
sequences-and-series closed-form trigonometric-series
sequences-and-series closed-form trigonometric-series
edited Dec 15 '18 at 4:39
AOrtiz
10.5k21341
10.5k21341
asked Oct 10 '18 at 0:00
Hazem OrabiHazem Orabi
2,7532528
2,7532528
$begingroup$
The limit in $(2)$ equals $dfrac12 cotleft(dfrac pi{2m}right)$.
$endgroup$
– Tianlalu
Oct 10 '18 at 0:36
$begingroup$
@Tianlalu: Thanks, but how to show it (if it is the correct answer)?
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Oct 10 '18 at 0:39
$begingroup$
If we can prove $lim_{sto0^+}operatorname{Li}_s(z)= operatorname{Li}_0(z)$, then the question is trivial.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 0:54
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The limit in $(2)$ equals $dfrac12 cotleft(dfrac pi{2m}right)$.
$endgroup$
– Tianlalu
Oct 10 '18 at 0:36
$begingroup$
@Tianlalu: Thanks, but how to show it (if it is the correct answer)?
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Oct 10 '18 at 0:39
$begingroup$
If we can prove $lim_{sto0^+}operatorname{Li}_s(z)= operatorname{Li}_0(z)$, then the question is trivial.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 0:54
$begingroup$
The limit in $(2)$ equals $dfrac12 cotleft(dfrac pi{2m}right)$.
$endgroup$
– Tianlalu
Oct 10 '18 at 0:36
$begingroup$
The limit in $(2)$ equals $dfrac12 cotleft(dfrac pi{2m}right)$.
$endgroup$
– Tianlalu
Oct 10 '18 at 0:36
$begingroup$
@Tianlalu: Thanks, but how to show it (if it is the correct answer)?
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Oct 10 '18 at 0:39
$begingroup$
@Tianlalu: Thanks, but how to show it (if it is the correct answer)?
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Oct 10 '18 at 0:39
$begingroup$
If we can prove $lim_{sto0^+}operatorname{Li}_s(z)= operatorname{Li}_0(z)$, then the question is trivial.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 0:54
$begingroup$
If we can prove $lim_{sto0^+}operatorname{Li}_s(z)= operatorname{Li}_0(z)$, then the question is trivial.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 0:54
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
$$f(z,s)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}frac{z^n}{n^s}$$ can be analytically continue to all complex $z$ except $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1$ and for complex $s$ in the disk $|s|<1$. So we need only to evaluate $f(z,s=0)$ for $|z|<1$. That is
$$f(z,s=0)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}z^n=frac z{1-z},, forall |z|<1.$$
Analytically continue this fraction to $|z|=1bigwedge zne 1$, we have $forallthetainmathbf Rbigwedgethetane0$
$$lim_{srightarrow 0}f(e^{itheta},s)= lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}atop srightarrow 0} f(z,s)=lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}} f(z,s=0)=frac {e^{itheta}}{1- e^{itheta}}=-frac12+frac i2cotfrac theta 2.$$
Separating out the real and imaginary parts of the above equation, we obtain the desired results.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Denote $fracpi m=x$, rewrite $$lim_{sto0^+}left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)$$where $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is the analytic continuation of $sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^s}$ and is named polylogarithm function.
Notice that $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is holomorphic in $s$ in a neighborhood of the origin whatever $z$ is, hence continuous in $sin(0,epsilon)$. We have
$$lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)=frac12left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} left(frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}+frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}right)=frac12$$
Similarly, $$lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=frac1{2i}left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})-operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} i left(frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}-frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}right)=frac12cotfrac x2$$
Evaluation of $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$
$$sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^0}=zsum_{n=0}^infty z^n=frac{z}{1-z}(|z|<1)$$
Since $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$ is the analytic continuation of it, $operatorname{Li}_0(z)=frac{z}{1-z}$.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
add a comment |
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2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
$$f(z,s)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}frac{z^n}{n^s}$$ can be analytically continue to all complex $z$ except $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1$ and for complex $s$ in the disk $|s|<1$. So we need only to evaluate $f(z,s=0)$ for $|z|<1$. That is
$$f(z,s=0)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}z^n=frac z{1-z},, forall |z|<1.$$
Analytically continue this fraction to $|z|=1bigwedge zne 1$, we have $forallthetainmathbf Rbigwedgethetane0$
$$lim_{srightarrow 0}f(e^{itheta},s)= lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}atop srightarrow 0} f(z,s)=lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}} f(z,s=0)=frac {e^{itheta}}{1- e^{itheta}}=-frac12+frac i2cotfrac theta 2.$$
Separating out the real and imaginary parts of the above equation, we obtain the desired results.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$f(z,s)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}frac{z^n}{n^s}$$ can be analytically continue to all complex $z$ except $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1$ and for complex $s$ in the disk $|s|<1$. So we need only to evaluate $f(z,s=0)$ for $|z|<1$. That is
$$f(z,s=0)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}z^n=frac z{1-z},, forall |z|<1.$$
Analytically continue this fraction to $|z|=1bigwedge zne 1$, we have $forallthetainmathbf Rbigwedgethetane0$
$$lim_{srightarrow 0}f(e^{itheta},s)= lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}atop srightarrow 0} f(z,s)=lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}} f(z,s=0)=frac {e^{itheta}}{1- e^{itheta}}=-frac12+frac i2cotfrac theta 2.$$
Separating out the real and imaginary parts of the above equation, we obtain the desired results.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$f(z,s)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}frac{z^n}{n^s}$$ can be analytically continue to all complex $z$ except $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1$ and for complex $s$ in the disk $|s|<1$. So we need only to evaluate $f(z,s=0)$ for $|z|<1$. That is
$$f(z,s=0)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}z^n=frac z{1-z},, forall |z|<1.$$
Analytically continue this fraction to $|z|=1bigwedge zne 1$, we have $forallthetainmathbf Rbigwedgethetane0$
$$lim_{srightarrow 0}f(e^{itheta},s)= lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}atop srightarrow 0} f(z,s)=lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}} f(z,s=0)=frac {e^{itheta}}{1- e^{itheta}}=-frac12+frac i2cotfrac theta 2.$$
Separating out the real and imaginary parts of the above equation, we obtain the desired results.
$endgroup$
$$f(z,s)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}frac{z^n}{n^s}$$ can be analytically continue to all complex $z$ except $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1$ and for complex $s$ in the disk $|s|<1$. So we need only to evaluate $f(z,s=0)$ for $|z|<1$. That is
$$f(z,s=0)=sum_{n=1}^{infty}z^n=frac z{1-z},, forall |z|<1.$$
Analytically continue this fraction to $|z|=1bigwedge zne 1$, we have $forallthetainmathbf Rbigwedgethetane0$
$$lim_{srightarrow 0}f(e^{itheta},s)= lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}atop srightarrow 0} f(z,s)=lim_{zrightarrow e^{itheta}} f(z,s=0)=frac {e^{itheta}}{1- e^{itheta}}=-frac12+frac i2cotfrac theta 2.$$
Separating out the real and imaginary parts of the above equation, we obtain the desired results.
edited Dec 15 '18 at 4:36
answered Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
HansHans
4,98021032
4,98021032
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
... can be analytically continue to the whole complex plane except at $zin mathbf R bigwedge zge1 bigwedge s=1$ No, consider $s=2$, it is not even meromorphic in the complex plane. And the imaginary part is missing a factor $frac12$. Just to be rigorous, the general idea of your answer is correct.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 3:37
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
@KemonoChen: You are right. Thank you. I have made the correction. I will add even more details later.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 14 '18 at 9:20
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
I wish if I can split the bounty, many thanks.
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Dec 18 '18 at 9:37
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
$begingroup$
@HazemOrabi: Haha. No worries.
$endgroup$
– Hans
Dec 18 '18 at 21:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Denote $fracpi m=x$, rewrite $$lim_{sto0^+}left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)$$where $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is the analytic continuation of $sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^s}$ and is named polylogarithm function.
Notice that $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is holomorphic in $s$ in a neighborhood of the origin whatever $z$ is, hence continuous in $sin(0,epsilon)$. We have
$$lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)=frac12left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} left(frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}+frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}right)=frac12$$
Similarly, $$lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=frac1{2i}left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})-operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} i left(frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}-frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}right)=frac12cotfrac x2$$
Evaluation of $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$
$$sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^0}=zsum_{n=0}^infty z^n=frac{z}{1-z}(|z|<1)$$
Since $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$ is the analytic continuation of it, $operatorname{Li}_0(z)=frac{z}{1-z}$.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Denote $fracpi m=x$, rewrite $$lim_{sto0^+}left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)$$where $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is the analytic continuation of $sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^s}$ and is named polylogarithm function.
Notice that $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is holomorphic in $s$ in a neighborhood of the origin whatever $z$ is, hence continuous in $sin(0,epsilon)$. We have
$$lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)=frac12left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} left(frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}+frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}right)=frac12$$
Similarly, $$lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=frac1{2i}left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})-operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} i left(frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}-frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}right)=frac12cotfrac x2$$
Evaluation of $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$
$$sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^0}=zsum_{n=0}^infty z^n=frac{z}{1-z}(|z|<1)$$
Since $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$ is the analytic continuation of it, $operatorname{Li}_0(z)=frac{z}{1-z}$.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Denote $fracpi m=x$, rewrite $$lim_{sto0^+}left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)$$where $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is the analytic continuation of $sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^s}$ and is named polylogarithm function.
Notice that $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is holomorphic in $s$ in a neighborhood of the origin whatever $z$ is, hence continuous in $sin(0,epsilon)$. We have
$$lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)=frac12left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} left(frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}+frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}right)=frac12$$
Similarly, $$lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=frac1{2i}left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})-operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} i left(frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}-frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}right)=frac12cotfrac x2$$
Evaluation of $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$
$$sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^0}=zsum_{n=0}^infty z^n=frac{z}{1-z}(|z|<1)$$
Since $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$ is the analytic continuation of it, $operatorname{Li}_0(z)=frac{z}{1-z}$.
$endgroup$
Denote $fracpi m=x$, rewrite $$lim_{sto0^+}left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}cosleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{e^{ixn}+e^{-ixn}}{2n^s}\
=lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)$$where $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is the analytic continuation of $sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^s}$ and is named polylogarithm function.
Notice that $operatorname{Li}_s(z)$ is holomorphic in $s$ in a neighborhood of the origin whatever $z$ is, hence continuous in $sin(0,epsilon)$. We have
$$lim_{sto0^+}frac12left(operatorname{Li}_s(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-ix})right)=frac12left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})+operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} left(frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}+frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}right)=frac12$$
Similarly, $$lim_{sto0^+},left[sum_{n=1}^{infty}sinleft(pifrac{n}{m}right)frac{1}{n^s}right]=frac1{2i}left(operatorname{Li}_0(e^{ix})-operatorname{Li}_0(e^{-ix})right)=frac{1}{2} i left(frac{e^{-i x}}{1-e^{-i x}}-frac{e^{i x}}{1-e^{i x}}right)=frac12cotfrac x2$$
Evaluation of $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$
$$sum_{n=1}^inftyfrac{z^n}{n^0}=zsum_{n=0}^infty z^n=frac{z}{1-z}(|z|<1)$$
Since $operatorname{Li}_0(z)$ is the analytic continuation of it, $operatorname{Li}_0(z)=frac{z}{1-z}$.
edited Dec 14 '18 at 2:55
answered Dec 14 '18 at 1:19
Kemono ChenKemono Chen
2,8531738
2,8531738
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
add a comment |
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
According to this development, $m$ need not be restricted to the natural numbers.
$endgroup$
– Mark Viola
Dec 14 '18 at 2:08
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
$begingroup$
It is slightly surreal to see a solution jumping to fine properties of polylogarithms to "help" an OP whose background is obviously lacking these.
$endgroup$
– Did
Dec 15 '18 at 6:51
add a comment |
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$begingroup$
The limit in $(2)$ equals $dfrac12 cotleft(dfrac pi{2m}right)$.
$endgroup$
– Tianlalu
Oct 10 '18 at 0:36
$begingroup$
@Tianlalu: Thanks, but how to show it (if it is the correct answer)?
$endgroup$
– Hazem Orabi
Oct 10 '18 at 0:39
$begingroup$
If we can prove $lim_{sto0^+}operatorname{Li}_s(z)= operatorname{Li}_0(z)$, then the question is trivial.
$endgroup$
– Kemono Chen
Dec 14 '18 at 0:54