Continuous Random Variable: Distribution Function & Expected Value
$begingroup$
Given
$$ F(x) = begin{cases}
0, & x < 1 \
c(x-1)^2, & 1 leq x < 2 \
1, & x geq 2
end{cases} $$
- Find the values of $c$ for which $F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$.
- Establish for what value of $c$ the random variable $X$ is continuous, and in this case derive $E(X)$.
Solution
$F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$ for $0 leq c leq 1$.- For $c=1$ the random variable $X$ is continuous and in this case it results $f(x) = 2(x-1)$ for $1 leq x < 2$ so it results in
$$ E(X) = int_{1}^{2} 2x(x-1) , mathrm{d}x = 2 left[ frac{x^3}{3} - frac{x^2}{2}right]_{1}^{2} = frac{5}{3} $$
What is the proper way to solve this exercise?
I tried by using
$$ int_{-infty}^{infty} f(x) , mathrm{d}x = 1, $$
but it leads me to a single value of $c=3$, which is not the case of the solution. Is there any formula I'm missing?
probability-distributions random-variables expected-value
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Given
$$ F(x) = begin{cases}
0, & x < 1 \
c(x-1)^2, & 1 leq x < 2 \
1, & x geq 2
end{cases} $$
- Find the values of $c$ for which $F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$.
- Establish for what value of $c$ the random variable $X$ is continuous, and in this case derive $E(X)$.
Solution
$F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$ for $0 leq c leq 1$.- For $c=1$ the random variable $X$ is continuous and in this case it results $f(x) = 2(x-1)$ for $1 leq x < 2$ so it results in
$$ E(X) = int_{1}^{2} 2x(x-1) , mathrm{d}x = 2 left[ frac{x^3}{3} - frac{x^2}{2}right]_{1}^{2} = frac{5}{3} $$
What is the proper way to solve this exercise?
I tried by using
$$ int_{-infty}^{infty} f(x) , mathrm{d}x = 1, $$
but it leads me to a single value of $c=3$, which is not the case of the solution. Is there any formula I'm missing?
probability-distributions random-variables expected-value
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Given
$$ F(x) = begin{cases}
0, & x < 1 \
c(x-1)^2, & 1 leq x < 2 \
1, & x geq 2
end{cases} $$
- Find the values of $c$ for which $F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$.
- Establish for what value of $c$ the random variable $X$ is continuous, and in this case derive $E(X)$.
Solution
$F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$ for $0 leq c leq 1$.- For $c=1$ the random variable $X$ is continuous and in this case it results $f(x) = 2(x-1)$ for $1 leq x < 2$ so it results in
$$ E(X) = int_{1}^{2} 2x(x-1) , mathrm{d}x = 2 left[ frac{x^3}{3} - frac{x^2}{2}right]_{1}^{2} = frac{5}{3} $$
What is the proper way to solve this exercise?
I tried by using
$$ int_{-infty}^{infty} f(x) , mathrm{d}x = 1, $$
but it leads me to a single value of $c=3$, which is not the case of the solution. Is there any formula I'm missing?
probability-distributions random-variables expected-value
$endgroup$
Given
$$ F(x) = begin{cases}
0, & x < 1 \
c(x-1)^2, & 1 leq x < 2 \
1, & x geq 2
end{cases} $$
- Find the values of $c$ for which $F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$.
- Establish for what value of $c$ the random variable $X$ is continuous, and in this case derive $E(X)$.
Solution
$F(x)$ is the distribution function of a random variable $X$ for $0 leq c leq 1$.- For $c=1$ the random variable $X$ is continuous and in this case it results $f(x) = 2(x-1)$ for $1 leq x < 2$ so it results in
$$ E(X) = int_{1}^{2} 2x(x-1) , mathrm{d}x = 2 left[ frac{x^3}{3} - frac{x^2}{2}right]_{1}^{2} = frac{5}{3} $$
What is the proper way to solve this exercise?
I tried by using
$$ int_{-infty}^{infty} f(x) , mathrm{d}x = 1, $$
but it leads me to a single value of $c=3$, which is not the case of the solution. Is there any formula I'm missing?
probability-distributions random-variables expected-value
probability-distributions random-variables expected-value
edited Dec 30 '18 at 16:21
Sangchul Lee
94.8k12170276
94.8k12170276
asked Dec 30 '18 at 15:58
1Z101Z10
1105
1105
add a comment |
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Recall that $F$ is a distribution function (a.k.a. c.d.f.) if and only if the following properties hold:
$F$ is non-decreasing,
$F(x) in [0, 1]$ for all $x in mathbb{R}$,
$F$ is right-continuous.
The $F$ defined as in the problem is always right-continuous, so the last property is not our concern. For the rest, a moment of thought tells that we must have $0 leq lim_{xto 2^-} F(x) leq 1$, which is equivalent to $0 leq c leq 1$.
$hspace{2em}$
$X$ is continuous if and only if $F$ is absolutely continuous, which means that
$$F(x) = int_{-infty}^{x} f(t) , mathrm{d}t$$
for some non-negative function $f$ and for all $x in mathbb{R}$. A necessary condition is that $F$ itself is continuous. (And practically, this is also a sufficient condition at the level of preliminary probability course, as one never deals with singular distribution at this level.)
Now, we see that $c = 1$ is the only choice for which $F$ is continuous. And with this choice, we easily identify the p.d.f. $f$ as
$$ f(x) = begin{cases} 2(x-1), & 1 < x < 2 \ 0, & text{otherwise} end{cases}. $$
Plugging this to the formula $E(X) = int_{-infty}^{infty} xf(x) , mathrm{d}x$ gives the desired answer.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
By solving this the PDF should be left out.
The question is about a CDF which is a function with special properties.
In 1) it is asked: for what $c$ does this function indeed have these properties?
In 2) it must be noted that a random variable is continuous iff its CDF is continuous.
So actually it is asked: for what $c$ found in 1) is the function continuous?
$endgroup$
add a comment |
Your Answer
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2 Answers
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2 Answers
2
active
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oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Recall that $F$ is a distribution function (a.k.a. c.d.f.) if and only if the following properties hold:
$F$ is non-decreasing,
$F(x) in [0, 1]$ for all $x in mathbb{R}$,
$F$ is right-continuous.
The $F$ defined as in the problem is always right-continuous, so the last property is not our concern. For the rest, a moment of thought tells that we must have $0 leq lim_{xto 2^-} F(x) leq 1$, which is equivalent to $0 leq c leq 1$.
$hspace{2em}$
$X$ is continuous if and only if $F$ is absolutely continuous, which means that
$$F(x) = int_{-infty}^{x} f(t) , mathrm{d}t$$
for some non-negative function $f$ and for all $x in mathbb{R}$. A necessary condition is that $F$ itself is continuous. (And practically, this is also a sufficient condition at the level of preliminary probability course, as one never deals with singular distribution at this level.)
Now, we see that $c = 1$ is the only choice for which $F$ is continuous. And with this choice, we easily identify the p.d.f. $f$ as
$$ f(x) = begin{cases} 2(x-1), & 1 < x < 2 \ 0, & text{otherwise} end{cases}. $$
Plugging this to the formula $E(X) = int_{-infty}^{infty} xf(x) , mathrm{d}x$ gives the desired answer.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
Recall that $F$ is a distribution function (a.k.a. c.d.f.) if and only if the following properties hold:
$F$ is non-decreasing,
$F(x) in [0, 1]$ for all $x in mathbb{R}$,
$F$ is right-continuous.
The $F$ defined as in the problem is always right-continuous, so the last property is not our concern. For the rest, a moment of thought tells that we must have $0 leq lim_{xto 2^-} F(x) leq 1$, which is equivalent to $0 leq c leq 1$.
$hspace{2em}$
$X$ is continuous if and only if $F$ is absolutely continuous, which means that
$$F(x) = int_{-infty}^{x} f(t) , mathrm{d}t$$
for some non-negative function $f$ and for all $x in mathbb{R}$. A necessary condition is that $F$ itself is continuous. (And practically, this is also a sufficient condition at the level of preliminary probability course, as one never deals with singular distribution at this level.)
Now, we see that $c = 1$ is the only choice for which $F$ is continuous. And with this choice, we easily identify the p.d.f. $f$ as
$$ f(x) = begin{cases} 2(x-1), & 1 < x < 2 \ 0, & text{otherwise} end{cases}. $$
Plugging this to the formula $E(X) = int_{-infty}^{infty} xf(x) , mathrm{d}x$ gives the desired answer.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
Recall that $F$ is a distribution function (a.k.a. c.d.f.) if and only if the following properties hold:
$F$ is non-decreasing,
$F(x) in [0, 1]$ for all $x in mathbb{R}$,
$F$ is right-continuous.
The $F$ defined as in the problem is always right-continuous, so the last property is not our concern. For the rest, a moment of thought tells that we must have $0 leq lim_{xto 2^-} F(x) leq 1$, which is equivalent to $0 leq c leq 1$.
$hspace{2em}$
$X$ is continuous if and only if $F$ is absolutely continuous, which means that
$$F(x) = int_{-infty}^{x} f(t) , mathrm{d}t$$
for some non-negative function $f$ and for all $x in mathbb{R}$. A necessary condition is that $F$ itself is continuous. (And practically, this is also a sufficient condition at the level of preliminary probability course, as one never deals with singular distribution at this level.)
Now, we see that $c = 1$ is the only choice for which $F$ is continuous. And with this choice, we easily identify the p.d.f. $f$ as
$$ f(x) = begin{cases} 2(x-1), & 1 < x < 2 \ 0, & text{otherwise} end{cases}. $$
Plugging this to the formula $E(X) = int_{-infty}^{infty} xf(x) , mathrm{d}x$ gives the desired answer.
$endgroup$
Recall that $F$ is a distribution function (a.k.a. c.d.f.) if and only if the following properties hold:
$F$ is non-decreasing,
$F(x) in [0, 1]$ for all $x in mathbb{R}$,
$F$ is right-continuous.
The $F$ defined as in the problem is always right-continuous, so the last property is not our concern. For the rest, a moment of thought tells that we must have $0 leq lim_{xto 2^-} F(x) leq 1$, which is equivalent to $0 leq c leq 1$.
$hspace{2em}$
$X$ is continuous if and only if $F$ is absolutely continuous, which means that
$$F(x) = int_{-infty}^{x} f(t) , mathrm{d}t$$
for some non-negative function $f$ and for all $x in mathbb{R}$. A necessary condition is that $F$ itself is continuous. (And practically, this is also a sufficient condition at the level of preliminary probability course, as one never deals with singular distribution at this level.)
Now, we see that $c = 1$ is the only choice for which $F$ is continuous. And with this choice, we easily identify the p.d.f. $f$ as
$$ f(x) = begin{cases} 2(x-1), & 1 < x < 2 \ 0, & text{otherwise} end{cases}. $$
Plugging this to the formula $E(X) = int_{-infty}^{infty} xf(x) , mathrm{d}x$ gives the desired answer.
edited Dec 30 '18 at 16:57
answered Dec 30 '18 at 16:31
Sangchul LeeSangchul Lee
94.8k12170276
94.8k12170276
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
According to Wikipedia it is enough if $F$ is continuous.
$endgroup$
– drhab
Dec 30 '18 at 16:37
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
@drhab, Perhaps there are different conventions for what it means to be a continuous distribution. But in most literature that I have checked, the definition of continuous distribution does not encompass singular distributions. (See this MIT open course, for instance.)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:44
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
$begingroup$
Could you please explain further how do you conclude that c=1 is the only choice for which F is continuous?
$endgroup$
– 1Z10
Dec 30 '18 at 16:46
1
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Plotting the graph of $F$ will be convincing enough. But if one needs a solid proof, notice that $x = 2$ is the only possible discontinuity of $F$. Since $F(2) = 1= lim_{xto 2^+}F(x)$ and $lim_{xto2^-}F(x) = c$, it suffices to show that they match. So we obtain the necessary condition $c = 1$.
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:48
1
1
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
$begingroup$
@1Z10, Glad it helped. I also added plots of $F$ for different values of $c$. :)
$endgroup$
– Sangchul Lee
Dec 30 '18 at 16:58
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
By solving this the PDF should be left out.
The question is about a CDF which is a function with special properties.
In 1) it is asked: for what $c$ does this function indeed have these properties?
In 2) it must be noted that a random variable is continuous iff its CDF is continuous.
So actually it is asked: for what $c$ found in 1) is the function continuous?
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
By solving this the PDF should be left out.
The question is about a CDF which is a function with special properties.
In 1) it is asked: for what $c$ does this function indeed have these properties?
In 2) it must be noted that a random variable is continuous iff its CDF is continuous.
So actually it is asked: for what $c$ found in 1) is the function continuous?
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
By solving this the PDF should be left out.
The question is about a CDF which is a function with special properties.
In 1) it is asked: for what $c$ does this function indeed have these properties?
In 2) it must be noted that a random variable is continuous iff its CDF is continuous.
So actually it is asked: for what $c$ found in 1) is the function continuous?
$endgroup$
By solving this the PDF should be left out.
The question is about a CDF which is a function with special properties.
In 1) it is asked: for what $c$ does this function indeed have these properties?
In 2) it must be noted that a random variable is continuous iff its CDF is continuous.
So actually it is asked: for what $c$ found in 1) is the function continuous?
answered Dec 30 '18 at 16:17
drhabdrhab
102k545136
102k545136
add a comment |
add a comment |
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