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As the title says, I'm wondering if there is a continuous function such that $f$ is nonzero on $[0, 1]$, and for which $int_0^1 f(x)x^n dx = 0$ for all $n geq 1$. I am trying to solve a problem proving that if (on $C([0, 1])$) $int_0^1 f(x)x^n dx = 0$ for all $n geq 0$, then $f$ must be identically zero. I presume then we do require the $n=0$ case to hold too, otherwise it wouldn't be part of the statement. Is there ay function which is not identically zero which satisfies $int_0^1 f(x)x^n dx = 0$ for all $n geq 1$?

The statement I am attempting to prove is homework, but this is just idle curiosity (though I will tag it as homework anyway since it is related). Thank you!

(I am turning this into Community wiki, since the original version made an obvious mistake).

The result follows, for example, from the Stone-Weierstrass theorem, once one justifies that the limit of some integrals is the integral of the limit, which can be done (overkill) using Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem or (more easily) using simple estimates from the fact that $f$ is bounded, since it is continuous.

Below I give full details, which you should probably not read until after your homework is due, since this also solves your homework.

Spoilers:

There is a sequence of polynomials $p_n(x)$ that converges uniformly to $xf(x)$ on ${}[0,1]$. We have $int_0^1xf(x)p_n(x)dx=0$ for all $n$, by assumption, since $xp_n(x)$ is a sum of monomials the integral of whose integral with $f$ is 0. Now take the limit as $ntoinfty$ to conclude that $int_0^1x(f(x))^2dx=0$.

This gives us that $f=0$ because if $f(x_0)ne 0$, continuity ensures a positive $epsilon>0$ and an interval $(a,b)$ with $a>0$ such that $|f(x)|geepsilon$ for all $xin(a,b)$. But then $int_0^1xf(x)^2dxge laepsilon^2>0$, where $l=b-a$ is the length of the interval.

To see that the limit of the integrals is 0 without using dominated convergence, let $Mge|f(x)|$ for all $xin[0,1]$. The, for any $delta>0$, if $n$ is large enough, we have $$int_0^1f(x)xp_n(x)dx=int_0^1ftimes(p-xf+xf)dx=int_0^1xf(x)^2dx+int_0^1ftimes(p-xf)dx,$$ and the second integral is bounded by $int_0^1|f||p-xf|dxle M(delta/M)=delta$.

In fact, even this is approach is an overkill. (For example, Müntz's theorem gives a more general fact, as already mentioned in another answer.)

(Apologies for the original mistake.)

As an aside, the answer is yes if the interval is $(0,infty)$ instead of $(0,1)$.
For example the "Stieltjes ghost function"
$f(x) = exp(-x^{1/4}) sin x^{1/4}$ satisfies
$int_0^{infty} f(x) x^n dx = 0$
for all integers $n ge 0$.

Stieltjes gave this as an example of a case where the
moment problem
does not have a unique solution.
It appears in Section 55 of his famous paper "Recherches sur les fractions continues" from 1894;
see p. 506 in
Œuvres Complètes, Vol. II.
To compute the moments, use the substitution $x=u^4$ to write
$I_n = int_0^{infty} f(x) x^n dx = 4 int_0^{infty} e^{-u} sin(u) u^{4n+3} du$;
then integrate by parts four times (differentiating the power of $u$, and integrating the rest) to show that $I_n$ is proportional to $I_{n-1}$,
and finally check that $I_0=0$.

The answer is no. Actually I believe the following is a theorem whose name totally escapes me at the moment: assume that $f$ is continuous and let $a_n$ be a sequence of increasing positive integers such that $int_0^1 f(x) x^{a_n} , dx = 0$ for $n ge 1$. If $sum frac{1}{a_n}$ diverges, then $f$ is identically zero! (Edit: this is a corollary of the Müntz–Szász theorem - thanks, Moron!)

In other words, the problem isn't phrased the way it is because stronger statements are false; the stronger versions are just harder to prove.

There is a proof, using the Weierstrass approximation theorem, that if $f$ is continuous then $f$ is necessarily zero!

Classical Weierstrass's Theorem : If f is a continuous real valued function on $[a, b]$, then there exists a sequence of polynomials $p_n$ such that
$$ lim_{nrightarrow+infty}p_n(x)=f(x)$$ uniformly on $[a, b]$.

By the assumptions of the problem and the linearity of the integral
is easy to see that
$$
int_{0}^1f(x)p(x)dx=0
$$
for all polynomials $p(x)$ on $C([0,1])$. Now just apply Theorem!

Just for fun, here's a proof in non-standard analysis (Nelson-style IST). I write $a approx b$ to mean that $a-b$ is infinitesimal.

It's enough to prove the result when $f$ is standard. The Weierstrass approximation theorem gives a polynomial $p$ such that $p(x) approx x f(x)$ for all $x in [0,1]$. Note $int _0 ^1 xfp = 0$, because the integral is linear.

Now estimate the absolute value of $int xfp - (xf)^2$. Factoring the integrand as $xf(x)cdot ( p(x) - xf(x) )$, we see that this integral is bounded above by $operatorname{sup}(xf) cdot operatorname{sup}(p-xf)$, where the sup is over all $x in [0,1]$. This is infinitesimal, since the sup of a standard continuous function on a standard compact interval is limited.

We therefore have $int (xf)^2 approx int xfp = 0$. Since $int (xf)^2$ is standard, it is equal to zero. Therefore $(xf)^2$ is identically zero, and so is $f$ (being continuous).