How to solve this recurrence $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$?
$begingroup$
The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
Can someone help in solving it?
Not a homework problem.
sequences-and-series recurrence-relations generating-functions
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
Can someone help in solving it?
Not a homework problem.
sequences-and-series recurrence-relations generating-functions
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
Can someone help in solving it?
Not a homework problem.
sequences-and-series recurrence-relations generating-functions
$endgroup$
The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
Can someone help in solving it?
Not a homework problem.
sequences-and-series recurrence-relations generating-functions
sequences-and-series recurrence-relations generating-functions
edited Jul 9 '15 at 13:41
Asaf Karagila♦
305k33436766
305k33436766
asked Jul 9 '15 at 7:18
Shubham SharmaShubham Sharma
258313
258313
add a comment |
add a comment |
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A
begin{bmatrix}
K(n) \ K(n-1)
end{bmatrix}+
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
where
$$A=
begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
end{bmatrix}.
$$
Therefore,
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A^n
begin{bmatrix}
K(1) \ K(0)
end{bmatrix}+
left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
and
$$
K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
$$
by noticing that
$$
A^k=
begin{bmatrix}
k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
end{bmatrix}.
$$
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.
They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.
begin{align*}
K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
end{align*}
Just look at this equation for a few seconds.
It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.
So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:
$$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$
Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.
I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.
Edit:
or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...
begin{align*}
K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
&= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
end{align*}
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
1
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
1
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
|
show 12 more comments
$begingroup$
To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
$$k_2=2A-B+C\
k_3=4A-3B+3C\
k_4=6A-5B+6C\
k_5=8A-7B+10C\
k_6=10A-9B+15C$$
The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
$$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$
A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
$$
K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
$$
Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
$$
K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
$$
and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.
Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
$$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
$lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
$$
K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
$$
$K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.
So, solution is
$$
K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
$$
If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
$$
K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
add a comment |
Your Answer
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4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A
begin{bmatrix}
K(n) \ K(n-1)
end{bmatrix}+
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
where
$$A=
begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
end{bmatrix}.
$$
Therefore,
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A^n
begin{bmatrix}
K(1) \ K(0)
end{bmatrix}+
left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
and
$$
K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
$$
by noticing that
$$
A^k=
begin{bmatrix}
k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
end{bmatrix}.
$$
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A
begin{bmatrix}
K(n) \ K(n-1)
end{bmatrix}+
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
where
$$A=
begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
end{bmatrix}.
$$
Therefore,
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A^n
begin{bmatrix}
K(1) \ K(0)
end{bmatrix}+
left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
and
$$
K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
$$
by noticing that
$$
A^k=
begin{bmatrix}
k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
end{bmatrix}.
$$
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A
begin{bmatrix}
K(n) \ K(n-1)
end{bmatrix}+
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
where
$$A=
begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
end{bmatrix}.
$$
Therefore,
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A^n
begin{bmatrix}
K(1) \ K(0)
end{bmatrix}+
left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
and
$$
K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
$$
by noticing that
$$
A^k=
begin{bmatrix}
k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
end{bmatrix}.
$$
$endgroup$
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A
begin{bmatrix}
K(n) \ K(n-1)
end{bmatrix}+
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
where
$$A=
begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
end{bmatrix}.
$$
Therefore,
$$
begin{bmatrix}
K(n+1) \ K(n)
end{bmatrix}=A^n
begin{bmatrix}
K(1) \ K(0)
end{bmatrix}+
left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
begin{bmatrix}
C \ 0
end{bmatrix}
$$
and
$$
K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
$$
by noticing that
$$
A^k=
begin{bmatrix}
k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
end{bmatrix}.
$$
edited Jan 2 at 2:05
answered Jul 9 '15 at 8:43
d.k.o.d.k.o.
10.1k629
10.1k629
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.
They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.
begin{align*}
K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
end{align*}
Just look at this equation for a few seconds.
It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.
So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:
$$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$
Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.
I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.
Edit:
or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...
begin{align*}
K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
&= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
end{align*}
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
1
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
1
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
|
show 12 more comments
$begingroup$
The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.
They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.
begin{align*}
K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
end{align*}
Just look at this equation for a few seconds.
It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.
So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:
$$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$
Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.
I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.
Edit:
or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...
begin{align*}
K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
&= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
end{align*}
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
1
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
1
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
|
show 12 more comments
$begingroup$
The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.
They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.
begin{align*}
K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
end{align*}
Just look at this equation for a few seconds.
It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.
So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:
$$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$
Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.
I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.
Edit:
or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...
begin{align*}
K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
&= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
end{align*}
$endgroup$
The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.
They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.
begin{align*}
K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
end{align*}
Just look at this equation for a few seconds.
It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.
So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:
$$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$
Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.
I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.
Edit:
or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...
begin{align*}
K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
&= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
end{align*}
edited Jul 9 '15 at 16:04
answered Jul 9 '15 at 11:05
MehrdadMehrdad
6,73963778
6,73963778
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
1
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
1
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
|
show 12 more comments
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
1
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
1
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
$begingroup$
indeed Beautiful !
$endgroup$
– Shubham Sharma
Jul 9 '15 at 11:09
1
1
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
$begingroup$
Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 11:12
1
1
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
$begingroup$
@MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:42
1
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 15:46
1
1
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
$begingroup$
@ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
|
show 12 more comments
$begingroup$
To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
$$k_2=2A-B+C\
k_3=4A-3B+3C\
k_4=6A-5B+6C\
k_5=8A-7B+10C\
k_6=10A-9B+15C$$
The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
$$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$
A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
$$k_2=2A-B+C\
k_3=4A-3B+3C\
k_4=6A-5B+6C\
k_5=8A-7B+10C\
k_6=10A-9B+15C$$
The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
$$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$
A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
$$k_2=2A-B+C\
k_3=4A-3B+3C\
k_4=6A-5B+6C\
k_5=8A-7B+10C\
k_6=10A-9B+15C$$
The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
$$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$
A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer
$endgroup$
To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
$$k_2=2A-B+C\
k_3=4A-3B+3C\
k_4=6A-5B+6C\
k_5=8A-7B+10C\
k_6=10A-9B+15C$$
The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
$$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$
A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer
answered Jul 9 '15 at 7:51
BrentBrent
1,230410
1,230410
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
$$
K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
$$
Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
$$
K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
$$
and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.
Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
$$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
$lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
$$
K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
$$
$K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.
So, solution is
$$
K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
$$
If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
$$
K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
add a comment |
$begingroup$
More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
$$
K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
$$
Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
$$
K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
$$
and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.
Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
$$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
$lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
$$
K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
$$
$K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.
So, solution is
$$
K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
$$
If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
$$
K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
add a comment |
$begingroup$
More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
$$
K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
$$
Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
$$
K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
$$
and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.
Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
$$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
$lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
$$
K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
$$
$K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.
So, solution is
$$
K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
$$
If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
$$
K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
$$
$endgroup$
More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
$$
K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
$$
Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
$$
K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
$$
and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.
Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
$$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
$lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
$$
K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
$$
$K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.
So, solution is
$$
K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
$$
If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
$$
K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
$$
edited Jul 9 '15 at 9:21
answered Jul 9 '15 at 9:09
Michael GaluzaMichael Galuza
3,96221536
3,96221536
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
add a comment |
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
$endgroup$
– Mehrdad
Jul 9 '15 at 10:02
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
$begingroup$
@Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
$endgroup$
– Michael Galuza
Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
add a comment |
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