How to solve this recurrence $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$?












7












$begingroup$


The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
Can someone help in solving it?
Not a homework problem.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$

















    7












    $begingroup$


    The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
    What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
    Can someone help in solving it?
    Not a homework problem.










    share|cite|improve this question











    $endgroup$















      7












      7








      7





      $begingroup$


      The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
      What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
      Can someone help in solving it?
      Not a homework problem.










      share|cite|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      The recurrence is $K(n)=2K(n-1)-K(n-2)+C$ where $C$ is a constant.
      What I have tried is substituting $2K(n-1)$ as we do in fibonnacical recurrences. It didn't gave me a fruitful expression!
      Can someone help in solving it?
      Not a homework problem.







      sequences-and-series recurrence-relations generating-functions






      share|cite|improve this question















      share|cite|improve this question













      share|cite|improve this question




      share|cite|improve this question








      edited Jul 9 '15 at 13:41









      Asaf Karagila

      305k33436766




      305k33436766










      asked Jul 9 '15 at 7:18









      Shubham SharmaShubham Sharma

      258313




      258313






















          4 Answers
          4






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          10












          $begingroup$

          $$
          begin{bmatrix}
          K(n+1) \ K(n)
          end{bmatrix}=A
          begin{bmatrix}
          K(n) \ K(n-1)
          end{bmatrix}+
          begin{bmatrix}
          C \ 0
          end{bmatrix}
          $$



          where



          $$A=
          begin{bmatrix}
          2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
          end{bmatrix}.
          $$



          Therefore,



          $$
          begin{bmatrix}
          K(n+1) \ K(n)
          end{bmatrix}=A^n
          begin{bmatrix}
          K(1) \ K(0)
          end{bmatrix}+
          left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
          begin{bmatrix}
          C \ 0
          end{bmatrix}
          $$



          and



          $$
          K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
          $$



          by noticing that



          $$
          A^k=
          begin{bmatrix}
          k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
          end{bmatrix}.
          $$






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$





















            7












            $begingroup$

            The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.



            They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.



            begin{align*}
            K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
            K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
            end{align*}



            Just look at this equation for a few seconds.

            It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.

            So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:



            $$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$



            Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.



            I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.



            Edit:



            or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...



            begin{align*}
            K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
            &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
            end{align*}






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$













            • $begingroup$
              indeed Beautiful !
              $endgroup$
              – Shubham Sharma
              Jul 9 '15 at 11:09






            • 1




              $begingroup$
              Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
              $endgroup$
              – Mehrdad
              Jul 9 '15 at 11:12








            • 1




              $begingroup$
              @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
              $endgroup$
              – Mehrdad
              Jul 9 '15 at 15:42






            • 1




              $begingroup$
              @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
              $endgroup$
              – Mehrdad
              Jul 9 '15 at 15:46








            • 1




              $begingroup$
              @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
              $endgroup$
              – Mehrdad
              Jul 9 '15 at 17:08



















            6












            $begingroup$

            To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
            $$k_2=2A-B+C\
            k_3=4A-3B+3C\
            k_4=6A-5B+6C\
            k_5=8A-7B+10C\
            k_6=10A-9B+15C$$



            The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
            $$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$



            A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$





















              3












              $begingroup$

              More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
              $$
              K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
              $$
              Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
              $$
              K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
              $$
              and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.



              Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
              $$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
              $lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
              $$
              K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
              $$



              $K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.



              So, solution is
              $$
              K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
              $$



              If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
              $$
              K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
              $$






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$













              • $begingroup$
                might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                $endgroup$
                – Mehrdad
                Jul 9 '15 at 10:02










              • $begingroup$
                @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                $endgroup$
                – Michael Galuza
                Jul 9 '15 at 11:35











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              4 Answers
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              active

              oldest

              votes








              4 Answers
              4






              active

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              10












              $begingroup$

              $$
              begin{bmatrix}
              K(n+1) \ K(n)
              end{bmatrix}=A
              begin{bmatrix}
              K(n) \ K(n-1)
              end{bmatrix}+
              begin{bmatrix}
              C \ 0
              end{bmatrix}
              $$



              where



              $$A=
              begin{bmatrix}
              2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
              end{bmatrix}.
              $$



              Therefore,



              $$
              begin{bmatrix}
              K(n+1) \ K(n)
              end{bmatrix}=A^n
              begin{bmatrix}
              K(1) \ K(0)
              end{bmatrix}+
              left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
              begin{bmatrix}
              C \ 0
              end{bmatrix}
              $$



              and



              $$
              K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
              $$



              by noticing that



              $$
              A^k=
              begin{bmatrix}
              k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
              end{bmatrix}.
              $$






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$


















                10












                $begingroup$

                $$
                begin{bmatrix}
                K(n+1) \ K(n)
                end{bmatrix}=A
                begin{bmatrix}
                K(n) \ K(n-1)
                end{bmatrix}+
                begin{bmatrix}
                C \ 0
                end{bmatrix}
                $$



                where



                $$A=
                begin{bmatrix}
                2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
                end{bmatrix}.
                $$



                Therefore,



                $$
                begin{bmatrix}
                K(n+1) \ K(n)
                end{bmatrix}=A^n
                begin{bmatrix}
                K(1) \ K(0)
                end{bmatrix}+
                left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
                begin{bmatrix}
                C \ 0
                end{bmatrix}
                $$



                and



                $$
                K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
                $$



                by noticing that



                $$
                A^k=
                begin{bmatrix}
                k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
                end{bmatrix}.
                $$






                share|cite|improve this answer











                $endgroup$
















                  10












                  10








                  10





                  $begingroup$

                  $$
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(n+1) \ K(n)
                  end{bmatrix}=A
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(n) \ K(n-1)
                  end{bmatrix}+
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  C \ 0
                  end{bmatrix}
                  $$



                  where



                  $$A=
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
                  end{bmatrix}.
                  $$



                  Therefore,



                  $$
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(n+1) \ K(n)
                  end{bmatrix}=A^n
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(1) \ K(0)
                  end{bmatrix}+
                  left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  C \ 0
                  end{bmatrix}
                  $$



                  and



                  $$
                  K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
                  $$



                  by noticing that



                  $$
                  A^k=
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
                  end{bmatrix}.
                  $$






                  share|cite|improve this answer











                  $endgroup$



                  $$
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(n+1) \ K(n)
                  end{bmatrix}=A
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(n) \ K(n-1)
                  end{bmatrix}+
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  C \ 0
                  end{bmatrix}
                  $$



                  where



                  $$A=
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  2 & -1 \ 1 & 0
                  end{bmatrix}.
                  $$



                  Therefore,



                  $$
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(n+1) \ K(n)
                  end{bmatrix}=A^n
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  K(1) \ K(0)
                  end{bmatrix}+
                  left(sum_{k=1}^{n-1}A^k+Iright)
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  C \ 0
                  end{bmatrix}
                  $$



                  and



                  $$
                  K(n)=nK(1)-(n-1)K(0)+frac{1}{2}Cn(n-1)
                  $$



                  by noticing that



                  $$
                  A^k=
                  begin{bmatrix}
                  k+1 & -k \ k & k-1
                  end{bmatrix}.
                  $$







                  share|cite|improve this answer














                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer








                  edited Jan 2 at 2:05

























                  answered Jul 9 '15 at 8:43









                  d.k.o.d.k.o.

                  10.1k629




                  10.1k629























                      7












                      $begingroup$

                      The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.



                      They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
                      K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
                      end{align*}



                      Just look at this equation for a few seconds.

                      It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.

                      So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:



                      $$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$



                      Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.



                      I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.



                      Edit:



                      or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
                      &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
                      end{align*}






                      share|cite|improve this answer











                      $endgroup$













                      • $begingroup$
                        indeed Beautiful !
                        $endgroup$
                        – Shubham Sharma
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:09






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:12








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:42






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:46








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
















                      7












                      $begingroup$

                      The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.



                      They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
                      K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
                      end{align*}



                      Just look at this equation for a few seconds.

                      It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.

                      So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:



                      $$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$



                      Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.



                      I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.



                      Edit:



                      or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
                      &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
                      end{align*}






                      share|cite|improve this answer











                      $endgroup$













                      • $begingroup$
                        indeed Beautiful !
                        $endgroup$
                        – Shubham Sharma
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:09






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:12








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:42






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:46








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 17:08














                      7












                      7








                      7





                      $begingroup$

                      The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.



                      They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
                      K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
                      end{align*}



                      Just look at this equation for a few seconds.

                      It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.

                      So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:



                      $$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$



                      Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.



                      I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.



                      Edit:



                      or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
                      &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
                      end{align*}






                      share|cite|improve this answer











                      $endgroup$



                      The other answers are way too complicated for this particular problem.



                      They're useful in more general cases, but they're completely overkill here.



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= 2 K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C \
                      K(n) - K(n - 1) &= K(n - 1) - K(n - 2) + C
                      end{align*}



                      Just look at this equation for a few seconds.

                      It's literally telling you that the difference between successive elements increases by $C$ every step.

                      So... just go ahead and count how many times you add $C$ to the difference $K(1) - K(0)$:



                      $$K(n) = K(0) + sum_{k=1}^{n} K(1) - K(0) + (k - 1) C$$



                      Notice you don't need any linear algebra, eigenvectors, or other higher-level math for this problem. It's just algebraic manipulation.



                      I'll leave the last step of simplifying the summation to you.



                      Edit:



                      or I'll just do it for you myself, since you seem to think it leads to another recurrence...



                      begin{align*}
                      K(n) &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + Csum_{k=1}^{n} (k-1) \
                      &= K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) + C frac{n(n-1)}{2}
                      end{align*}







                      share|cite|improve this answer














                      share|cite|improve this answer



                      share|cite|improve this answer








                      edited Jul 9 '15 at 16:04

























                      answered Jul 9 '15 at 11:05









                      MehrdadMehrdad

                      6,73963778




                      6,73963778












                      • $begingroup$
                        indeed Beautiful !
                        $endgroup$
                        – Shubham Sharma
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:09






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:12








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:42






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:46








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 17:08


















                      • $begingroup$
                        indeed Beautiful !
                        $endgroup$
                        – Shubham Sharma
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:09






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 11:12








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:42






                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 15:46








                      • 1




                        $begingroup$
                        @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
                        $endgroup$
                        – Mehrdad
                        Jul 9 '15 at 17:08
















                      $begingroup$
                      indeed Beautiful !
                      $endgroup$
                      – Shubham Sharma
                      Jul 9 '15 at 11:09




                      $begingroup$
                      indeed Beautiful !
                      $endgroup$
                      – Shubham Sharma
                      Jul 9 '15 at 11:09




                      1




                      1




                      $begingroup$
                      Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 11:12






                      $begingroup$
                      Thanks! I'll admit that it wasn't obvious to me -- at first I was trying to be "creative" by turning this into a continuous equation, via converting differences into derivatives and seeing if I knew the solution to the (delay-?)differential equation. But as soon as I subtracted $K(n-1)$ from both sides to turn the differences into derivatives, I saw there was a much easier way to solve this, hence this answer. :)
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 11:12






                      1




                      1




                      $begingroup$
                      @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 15:42




                      $begingroup$
                      @MichaelGaluza: Dude, my solution is quadratic...
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 15:42




                      1




                      1




                      $begingroup$
                      @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 15:46






                      $begingroup$
                      @ShubhamSharma: Michael is totally wrong, but do you really need me to do the last step for you? No, this shouldn't lead you to another recurrence. It just simplifies to $K(0) + n(K(1) - K(0)) - n + Csum_{k=1}^{n} k$ and $sum_{k=1}^{n} k$ is just $n(n+1)/2$. This is the right answer to your question.
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 15:46






                      1




                      1




                      $begingroup$
                      @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 17:08




                      $begingroup$
                      @ShubhamSharma: I just realized, you might want to look up the phrase linear constant-coefficient difference equation.
                      $endgroup$
                      – Mehrdad
                      Jul 9 '15 at 17:08











                      6












                      $begingroup$

                      To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
                      $$k_2=2A-B+C\
                      k_3=4A-3B+3C\
                      k_4=6A-5B+6C\
                      k_5=8A-7B+10C\
                      k_6=10A-9B+15C$$



                      The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
                      $$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$



                      A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer






                      share|cite|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$


















                        6












                        $begingroup$

                        To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
                        $$k_2=2A-B+C\
                        k_3=4A-3B+3C\
                        k_4=6A-5B+6C\
                        k_5=8A-7B+10C\
                        k_6=10A-9B+15C$$



                        The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
                        $$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$



                        A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer






                        share|cite|improve this answer









                        $endgroup$
















                          6












                          6








                          6





                          $begingroup$

                          To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
                          $$k_2=2A-B+C\
                          k_3=4A-3B+3C\
                          k_4=6A-5B+6C\
                          k_5=8A-7B+10C\
                          k_6=10A-9B+15C$$



                          The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
                          $$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$



                          A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer






                          share|cite|improve this answer









                          $endgroup$



                          To keep things general, suppose $k_0=A$ and $k_1=B$. Then the next few terms are:
                          $$k_2=2A-B+C\
                          k_3=4A-3B+3C\
                          k_4=6A-5B+6C\
                          k_5=8A-7B+10C\
                          k_6=10A-9B+15C$$



                          The pattern seems to be (for $nge2$) that 2 more $A$'s are added, 2 more $B$'s are subtracted, and $n-1$ more $C$'s are added,
                          $$k_n=(2n-2)A-(2n-3)B+frac{(n-1)(n)}{2}C$$



                          A proof by strong induction along with some messy algebra will give you your answer







                          share|cite|improve this answer












                          share|cite|improve this answer



                          share|cite|improve this answer










                          answered Jul 9 '15 at 7:51









                          BrentBrent

                          1,230410




                          1,230410























                              3












                              $begingroup$

                              More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
                              $$
                              K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
                              $$
                              Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
                              $$
                              K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
                              $$
                              and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.



                              Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
                              $$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
                              $lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
                              $$
                              K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
                              $$



                              $K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.



                              So, solution is
                              $$
                              K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
                              $$



                              If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
                              $$
                              K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
                              $$






                              share|cite|improve this answer











                              $endgroup$













                              • $begingroup$
                                might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                                $endgroup$
                                – Mehrdad
                                Jul 9 '15 at 10:02










                              • $begingroup$
                                @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                                $endgroup$
                                – Michael Galuza
                                Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
















                              3












                              $begingroup$

                              More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
                              $$
                              K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
                              $$
                              Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
                              $$
                              K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
                              $$
                              and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.



                              Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
                              $$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
                              $lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
                              $$
                              K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
                              $$



                              $K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.



                              So, solution is
                              $$
                              K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
                              $$



                              If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
                              $$
                              K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
                              $$






                              share|cite|improve this answer











                              $endgroup$













                              • $begingroup$
                                might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                                $endgroup$
                                – Mehrdad
                                Jul 9 '15 at 10:02










                              • $begingroup$
                                @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                                $endgroup$
                                – Michael Galuza
                                Jul 9 '15 at 11:35














                              3












                              3








                              3





                              $begingroup$

                              More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
                              $$
                              K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
                              $$
                              Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
                              $$
                              K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
                              $$
                              and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.



                              Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
                              $$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
                              $lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
                              $$
                              K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
                              $$



                              $K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.



                              So, solution is
                              $$
                              K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
                              $$



                              If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
                              $$
                              K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
                              $$






                              share|cite|improve this answer











                              $endgroup$



                              More standard way. Rewrite your equation:
                              $$
                              K(n)-2K(n-1)+K(n-2)=C tag{1}label{1}
                              $$
                              Solution of this is $K=K_0+K_{part}$, where
                              $$
                              K_0(n)-2K_0(n-1)+K_0(n-2)=0tag{2}label{2}
                              $$
                              and $K_{part}$ is any solution of $eqref{1}$.



                              Now we're finding solution of homogenuous equation $eqref{2}$ in a form $K(n)=mathrm{const}cdot lambda^n$ and get
                              $$lambda^{n}-2lambda^{n-1}+lambda^{n-2}=0Longrightarrow lambda^2-2lambda+1=0;$$
                              $lambda_1=lambda_2=1$, and
                              $$
                              K_0(n)=A+Bn.tag{3}label{3}
                              $$



                              $K_{part}$ we'll find in a form $K_{part}=alpha n^2$ (polynom of degree $0$ and $1$ we used yet). Substitute it in $eqref{1}$ and get $2alpha=C$.



                              So, solution is
                              $$
                              K(n)=A+Bn+frac{Cn^2}{2}.
                              $$



                              If you prefer, we can take $K(0)=A$ and $K(1)=A+B+C/2$; hence,
                              $$
                              K(n)=K_0+(K_1-K_0)n+frac{Cn(n-1)}{2}
                              $$







                              share|cite|improve this answer














                              share|cite|improve this answer



                              share|cite|improve this answer








                              edited Jul 9 '15 at 9:21

























                              answered Jul 9 '15 at 9:09









                              Michael GaluzaMichael Galuza

                              3,96221536




                              3,96221536












                              • $begingroup$
                                might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                                $endgroup$
                                – Mehrdad
                                Jul 9 '15 at 10:02










                              • $begingroup$
                                @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                                $endgroup$
                                – Michael Galuza
                                Jul 9 '15 at 11:35


















                              • $begingroup$
                                might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                                $endgroup$
                                – Mehrdad
                                Jul 9 '15 at 10:02










                              • $begingroup$
                                @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                                $endgroup$
                                – Michael Galuza
                                Jul 9 '15 at 11:35
















                              $begingroup$
                              might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                              $endgroup$
                              – Mehrdad
                              Jul 9 '15 at 10:02




                              $begingroup$
                              might be nice to explain how you just came up with the form $c lambda^n$, because it looks pretty magical to someone who doesn't already know that's the right thing to do.
                              $endgroup$
                              – Mehrdad
                              Jul 9 '15 at 10:02












                              $begingroup$
                              @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                              $endgroup$
                              – Michael Galuza
                              Jul 9 '15 at 11:35




                              $begingroup$
                              @Mehrdad, I can say just "it works". But, if you want perfect rigor, read whatever contains "recurrence relation".
                              $endgroup$
                              – Michael Galuza
                              Jul 9 '15 at 11:35


















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